Inclusive Curriculum Education And Inclusive Education

Inclusive Curriculum In the 19th century, special needs learners, particularly students with disability have to be segregated in the special schools. However, over the past decades, humanity’s progress has occurred in acknowledging that students with special needs enjoy the same education rights as their peers. Nowadays, this group of student cohort has access to mainstreaming schools and inclusive education. In Australia, today’s classrooms are becoming increasingly diverse. According to Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA), student diversity may include general students, students with disability, gifted and talented students and students for whom English is an additional language or dialect (EAL/D) (ACARA, 2014). Meanwhile, the change of the student cohort in the mainstreaming classroom make teaching job more challenging and complex than before. Due to a wide range of individual differences, general education curriculum may be inappropriate to meet individual needs of the growing diverse student population, particularly, student with disability or culturally and linguistically diverse background. As a result, modern education system calls for adapting general education curriculum and developing a broad and inclusive curriculum. The aim of inclusive curriculum is to ensure all students could have access to the content knowledge and engage in the learning process so as to maximize their achievement (Foreman, 2013). In the light of this,Show MoreRelatedThe Inclusion of Inclusive Education in Teacher-Training: Issues of Curriculum, Pedagogy and Staffing2717 Words   |  11 PagesThe Inclusion of Inclusive Education in Teacher-Training: Issues of Curriculum, Pedagogy and Staffing Introduction UNESCO has defined inclusive education as the opening up of ‘schools, centre of learning and educational systems†¦to ALL children. For this to happen, teachers, schools and systems may need to change so they can better accommodate the diversity of needs that pupils have and (ensure) that they (the pupils) are included in all aspects of school life. It also means a process of identifyingRead MoreMy Experience As A Primary Teacher839 Words   |  4 Pagesdiverse abilities and to meet their learning needs. At the beginning, I found it challenging to practice the inclusive education strategy in my classroom, so I started to read more about the definition of inclusion and the factors that affect the teachers’ practical experience. Later, I was inspired by the relation between the inclusive education and the Australian Curriculum. The Australian Curriculum establishes expectations which are appropriate for all the students (ACARA, 2012). For example, it mentionsRead More Inclusive Education For Children With Disabilities1631 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Inclusive education is where children with disabilities receive special education services in the general education setting. Many factors can make inclusion difficult or complex. Accommodating instruction to meet the educational needs of all students is one of the most fundamental problems in education. Many argue that inclusive practices benefit all students. While others argue that inclusive education is inadequately designed to meet the needs of exceptional students. Benefits of inclusiveRead MorePrinciples, Policies Frameworks of Inclusive Schooling Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesBriefly discuss how you believe policies and legislation related to Inclusive Education could influence attitudes towards the way society accepts difference. In recent times I believe there has been a heightened awareness regarding the necessity to develop Inclusive Classrooms that celebrate difference and cater for a diverse range of learning styles and needs. My belief is reflected in the increasing amount of policies and legislation being developed at both state and Commonwealth levels. TheseRead MoreThe Role Of Teacher s Is Particularly Complex1729 Words   |  7 Pageswhether arising from disability, gender, behaviour, poverty, culture, status or any other reason. Inclusive approaches to teaching and learning should emphasize the creation of instructional environments that expand mainstream thinking, structures and practices, which promote educational success and a sense of belonging for all students. One approach that attempts to accommodate all students in an inclusive and diverse manner is that called the Universal Design for Learning (UDL The Universal designRead MoreWhat Does Inclusive Education Means? Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"What does inclusive education mean for me as a teacher in 2014 and beyond? â€Å" In first being able to define inclusive education, it is necessary to understand the diversity of the student population. Disability comes in my varying forms and can be physical, sensory, intellectual, mental health and emotional, developmental, and non-visible (e.g. asthma). If disability was the only agent to consider in the diversity scenario things would be easier for teachers but there are a number of other classificationsRead More Inclusion in the Classroom Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pages1999). This will enhance their communication skills later in life. Inclusive classrooms provide students with disabilities a better education on the same level as their peers. Since all students would be in the same educational environment, they would follow the same curriculum and not separate ones based on their disability. The main element to a successful inclusive classroom, is the teachers effort to plan the curriculum to fit all students needs. Teachers must make sure that they are makingRead MorePolicies and Legislation Related To Inclusive Education Could Influence Society993 Words   |  4 PagesBriefly discuss how you believe policies and legislation related to Inclusive Education influence attitudes toward the way society accepts difference. As I have eagerly anticipated meeting my practical classes in the last three years, I take with me the knowledge that I will find a class that is full of unique individuals. These students will have different cultures, types of families, socioeconomic status and learning needs just to name a few of the diversities. Although this is the type of classRead MoreDeveloping A World Class Inclusive Education System Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pages The Special Education 2000 programme was introduced by the New Zealand Ministry of Education 1996. By introducing such a programme the government intended to develop a world class inclusive education system. The model and aim at that stage was to reform the education system where children with disabilities could be integrated into the mainstream education system. This would enable children with disabilities to attend their local community schools where having the same opportunities as their siblingsRead MoreInclusive Teaching for Acquired Brain Injury Students847 Words   |  3 Pagespara.3) The teacher in this video does not set the example for inclusive teaching, nor does she seem educated in management, particularly behaviour of an ABI (Acquired Brain Injury) student. This report will detail arguments explaining teacher and student rights, why adopting an inclusive approach in the classroom is important, as well as teaching strategies that are inclusive to Doug’s needs aft er his accident. The Department of Education, Training and Employment refer to the Disability Discrimination

Idiot Nation, Michael Moore, Critical Essay Critique

Critical Essay In Rereading America an excerpt by Michael Moore entitled â€Å"Idiot Nation† focuses on the collapsing educational system in the United States of America. Moore brings to light his view on the failures of the educational system and the lack of financing that has been caused from the top of the food chain. Politicians as well as American corporations contribute to the decline in education according to Moore. He attempts to give the reader a clear picture of where America places the importance of educational funding. He follows-up with detailed examples on what districts and schools resort to in order to gain financial support for their programs. Moore is quick to point out the irony of politics and education in America†¦show more content†¦While Moore makes a good case for essential requirements he contradicts himself when he admits he was a college dropout. This does little to persuade the reader to agree with his perceptions of what should be taught in school s. His points again, may fall on deaf ears because when he mentions top universities and refers to the enrolled as â€Å"ignorant students† it can make people turn into a defensive mode and do little to support his opinions. Financial budget cuts that have occurred in schools are mentioned in support for Moore’s argument that the American value of education has declined. Moore shows his case and point by stating that, â€Å"The person who cares for our child every day receives an average of $41,351 annually; A Congressman†¦$145,100† (136). Moore later brings up budgetary evidence and says that, â€Å"Oh, it’s on the funding list-somewhere down between OSHA and meat inspectors† (136). He works to pull politics into the picture when he cites the irony that at the time former librarian and First Lady Laura Bush â€Å"kicked off† a national campaign for American libraries, and just a week later President George W. Bush proposed to cut a lmost 19 percent of federal spending for libraries. Moving on he talks about how 10 percent of U.S public schools are over their maximum capacity for the buildings that house the students by 25 percent. Continuing his attack heShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesUniversity, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster UniversityRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesAssistant: Ian Gold Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Senior Production Project Manager: Kelly Warsak Senior Opera tions Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Ilene Kahn Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Interior Design: Suzanne Duda and Michael Fruhbeis Permissions Project Manager: Shannon Barbe Manager, Cover Visual Research Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise VaughnRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCollege of Business at the University of Hawaii Bruce Bikle, California State University, Sacramento xxx Richard Blackburn, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill Weldon Blake, Bethune-Cookman College Carl Blencke, University of Central Florida Michael Bochenek, Elmhurst College Alicia Boisnier, State University of New York William H. Bommer, Cleveland State University Bryan Bonner, University of Utah Jessica Bradley, Clemson University Dr. Jerry Bream, Empire State College/ Niagara Frontier Center

American Reform free essay sample

American Reform movements between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and pessimistic views of human and society. Assess the validity of this statement in reference to reform movements in THREE of the following: education, temperance, women’s rights, utopian experiments, penal institutions. (1988) The United States has seen change come and go over time. From the Great Awakening in the 1730s to the Technological revolution of the 20th century, America has constantly seen itself change. However, no period had the type of social reform as the mid-1800s. An Age of Reform as it is called, brought about the most drastic movements and reforms. Every type of social issue was discussed and made an issue during this time. Slavery, religion, womens rights, alcohol use, utopianism, education and prison conditions were all topics of debate during this era of reformation. These matters all had something in common. They all dealt with the pessimistic and optimistic views of human nature. We will write a custom essay sample on American Reform or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Slavery, for example, was an issue that dealt with the cynical views in the south. Slavery as we would see it today would seem cruel and unjust, however, back then it was looked at as a serious issue that would eventually be one of the underlying causes of the Civil War. Although the time may lead one to think that most of the reforms were based on pessimistic views of human nature, most were based on views of optimism. Take the issue of education, for example. The public school movement was designed to better educate our nations youth. Horace Mann, the main advocator of this movement, created a public school system in Massachusetts. This system became the model for the rest of the United States. This is a positive aspect of human nature based on the fact that society wanted to improve itself. Another reform movement during this time was the establishment of utopian communities. Beginning with the New Harmony settlement of Indiana in 1825 and eventually ending with the Shakers and Oneida Community, these establishments were designed to create the perfect society, and thus bettering oneself. Penal Institutions were also under modification during this time. In the past, prisons were designed with the purposes of detainment and punishment. Penitentiaries were created to give prisoners the opportunity to reform themselves. They focused not as much on punishment but more on rehabilitation. This shows a sanguine attitude by the American people because they want everyone to become better people. The most important optimistic wave of feelings came from the womens rights movement. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was the first ever womens rights convention. At this gathering, views on woman suffrage and other feministic rights were discussed. Feminist movement supporters were also on hand. Advocators such as Lucreatia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Amelia Bloomer all promoted woman suffrage. They all followed the policy of all men and women are created equal. This display of support for women was the biggest wave of optimism that our country has ever seen. Although it is a mans human nature to look to woman as inferior, it is societys nature to look at men and woman as equals. This is no doubt an optimistic view of human psychology. The one other pessimistic based reform, besides slavery, was the temperance movement of the 1850s. Supported by mostly the feminine population of America, advocators strived to end the drinking, selling and buying of alcohol in the Untied States. Although it may seem like a reform the general population, the reform led to a wave of violence. Carrie Nation, the woman with a hatchet, often destroyed bars and liquor selling establishments because she despised those who did not support her cause. The movement progressed from an idea, to a law of a state (Maine Law 1851), to eventually a U. S. constitutional amendment. It brought violence among people and led to increase in theft and smuggling because people needed their booze. With crime and violence escalating, Congress had no choice but to repeal the amendment. What started out as an optimistic idea eventually brought out the negative and evil sides of not only opposition to the movement, but also the advocators of the reform themselves, i. e. , Carrie Nation. America reform movements between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and pessimistic views of human nature and society. This statement alone sums up this particular era of reconstruction and reform. The two biggest issues of the time were one of pessimistic and optimistic views. Slavery (pessimistic) and womans rights (optimistic) dominated the debate forum of this time. While womans rights did not lead to a war between a nation, it was just as important as the abolishment of slavery in the history of our country. Both were significant events that eventually changed our societal ideals in our nation.

The Japanese Economy Essay Example For Students

The Japanese Economy Essay The Japanese EconomyJonathan AllenThe prewar economy of Japan was a Socialist economy and the country wasruled by an emperor up to WW2 and after WW2 it started to lean towards a mixedmarket economy until what it is today although its government is Socialist it isleaning towards a mixed market economy. The Japanese economy is a mixed economy that leans towards market, it islike this because almost all business are run by private corporations or peopleand that is the market in the economy. And the reason that they are thriving andare so competitive is because of the trade tariffs and quotas that thegovernment has in place. These regulations include heavy taxes on some productsand denial on some others for example: the way Japan will only let certainforeign cars in to Japan and even then they are so heavily taxed that theaverage Japanese person cant pay that much and will have to buy a Japanese madecar and at the same time in other countries they are selling their cars for lessthan anyone else in that country and that is what they do with most of theirproducts and is how they get a trade surplus year after year. We will write a custom essay on The Japanese Economy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Manufacturing is the most important economic activity in Japan itaccounts for about 28% of its GDP. The Japanese people import more than halfof the products that they manufacture from other countries in their crudest formand manufacture them into transportation equipment, iron, steel, chemicals,petroleum and coal products and textiles. Most of these products are produced bylarge corporations with many employees and the happier the employees are themore it will be done. An aspect of a market economy that Japan has is the way the companiestreat their workers. The way the Japanese treat their workers is so differentform the way we treat our workers here. The Japanese are so much more respectfultowards their employer( the exact opposite from other countries especially thosewith a centralised economy) and often work for one employer until retirement. Some of the special treatment that the workers receive is housing; some of thecompanies namely Honda have a special housing unite for their workers and theirfamilies and a company cemetery for all the workers and their families. Becauseof this the employees work habits are much more productive and a larger profitcan be turned and they can get a jump on the competition. In centralised economies very few lucturies are returned to the peopleand in market economies most of them are, in Japan there are to kinds of peoplefarmers and city dwellers, the farmers get no lucturies and live in poorconditions while the city dwellers on the other hand get just about all thelucturies like mass transit, hospitals and if you have a job financial security. The government keeps whatever is necessary and whatever the people will buy andwill export the rest. In the farmlands there is a strong sense of a commandsystem and in the city there is capitalistic economy. Farming is one of thelarger employers in Japan it employs 9% of the work force but it only accountsfor 3% of the GDP.There are few government owned companies the only ones theyown are some power plants, railways and some airlines as well as the commutingservices and civil services. The government employs about 1 in 10 people inJapan mostly civil services. There are some strict regulations set forth by thegovernment to insure that the countries stores are filled with Japanese goodsrather than forgien goods and they include trade restrictions such as tariffs,bands and quotas. .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f , .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f .postImageUrl , .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f , .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f:hover , .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f:visited , .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f:active { border:0!important; } .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f:active , .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u30b09b1bee961dba094ba1976dd34b7f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hackers Hell EssayAfter reviewing all this evidence the Japanese economy is leaningheavily towards a market economy but does have some socialist government viewsand laws but the market out weighs the command. BIBLIOGRAPHYComptons learning company 1988. InComptons encyclopedia (vol. 12 pp. 34-39.). Chicago: devision of encyclopedia Britannica, inc. John J. Curran(May 18, 1992). Why Japan will emerge stronger. Fortune,pp.46-60. Ross Laver( nov. 1991). The company man. Macleans. pp. 55-57. Richard Swift(May 1992). Prisoners of prosparity. New Internationalist. pp. 4-8.

How Many Colleges Should You Apply To Expert Guide

How Many Colleges Should You Apply To Expert Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many students stress over the same question: "How many colleges should I apply to?"How many is too many? How few is too few? There is so much disagreement on this topic, even among experts, that many students are left confused and unsure. In this article, I’ll clear up thisconfusion. I’ll give you an idea of how many schools you should apply to and explain the factors to consider when deciding how many colleges to apply to.After reading this guide, you'll feel confident about crafting your own college list and how long it will be. There's No Magic Number The number of colleges you should apply to depends on your specific situation. I believe you should apply to anywhere from one to 15colleges.The standard thinking from counselors has been that the average college-bound student should apply to about 6-8 colleges: 2-3 reach colleges, 2-3 target colleges, and 2 safety schools.Reach schools are colleges that are unlikely to offer you admission (less than a 30% chance), target schools are colleges that you have a decent chance of gaining admission to (a 30%-80% chance), and safety schools are colleges to which you’re almost guaranteed of admission based on your qualifications (greater than a 80% chance). You can roughly determine your odds of admission for each college by using the prepscholar admissions calculator. Just google the name of the school and â€Å"prepscholar admissions requirements.† The number of colleges you should apply to is dependent on your personal situation and your priorities when selecting a college. For example, if you have a dream school that offers early decision or early action, then you may only have to apply to one college.If you apply early decision, you’ll typically be submitting your application in November and should receive an admissions decision by December, before the application deadlines for most colleges.If you’re accepted to a school that you apply to early decision, you have to attend. You should still have a list of colleges to apply to in case you aren’t accepted or if you’re applying to any colleges, like University of California schools, that have an application deadline before December.If you’re admitted early decision, you have to withdraw your applications to any other colleges. How many schools should be on your list? Why You May Want To Apply to More Schools If you’re determined to go to a very selective college, then you may want to apply to more colleges than the average person. If you apply to 10 colleges to which you have a 25% chance of gaining admission, then you’re likely to gain admission to at least one of them.In fact, if you apply to 16 colleges with an average chance of admission of 25%, then you have a 99% chance of gaining admission to at least one of them, statistically. Check out this article for a better understanding of the math behind this calculation. If you take this approach, though, you should prepare yourself emotionally to be rejected from most of the schools you apply to. If, on the other hand, you’re not as concerned with selectivity andareextremely confident that you’ll be admitted to at least a couple of the colleges you apply to, you may only need to apply to two to four colleges. Why You May Want To Apply to Fewer Schools Here are a few factors that may limit the number of colleges you should apply to. Applications Cost Money and Time Unless you qualify for fee waivers, which are based on financial need, applying to college can be costly.The application fee for each college you apply to can be up to $75.Additionally, there can be costs associated with sending standardized test scores and AP scores to colleges. The SAT and ACT allow you to send four free score reports to colleges. Each additional score report currently costs $.25 per report for the SAT and $12 per report for the ACT. Also, you’re allowed to send one free AP score report, which contains all of your AP scores, to one college each year you take AP exams. Each additional score report costs $15. Therefore, if you apply to 20 colleges, you may have to pay over $2,000.Consider your budget (or ask your parents how much they’re willing to pay) when deciding how many schools to apply to. However, you should also view the costs of applying as an investment. If you get into a great college that fits your needs, then you’ll have an invaluable college experience that will enable you to have future professional success, and the money you spend on applying may end up being insignificant compared to the return on your investment. Furthermore, keep in mind that the cost of applying will probably be much, much less than the cost of attending college. Additionally, the application process takes time.Even though more and more colleges are using The Common Application, which allows you to apply to many schools with one application, many colleges still have their own applications or require supplemental essays.Each college application that requires additional essays will probably take you at least a few additional hours to complete. Make sure you have enough time to complete all the applications successfully without sacrificing the quality of your schoolwork or neglecting any other priorities you have outside of school. Filling out applications and writing good college essays take time. You Have Specific Needs That Only a Few Colleges Meet If only a few colleges fit your specific needs, then you don’t have to apply to a ton of colleges.For example, when I was applying to college, I knew I wanted to compete for an NCAA Division I gymnastics team. At the time, there were about 15 NCAA Division I men’s gymnastics programs. Even before I started doing college research or waited to see which schools recruited me, my options were very limited. I believe I ended up applying to 4 colleges, and admittedly, I only applied to one of those because I wanted to go on another recruiting trip. If you want to be in a very specific location or pursue a major that only a few schools have, then you may only need to apply to 3-5 colleges. You Don’t Have Much Time After You Receive Your Acceptances To Make Your College Decision Most colleges send their acceptance notices in the beginning of April, and typically, you only have until May 1 to select which college you’re going to attend.If you’re deciding between multiple colleges at this point, you’ll only have a few weeks to potentially take campus visits, compare the financial aid packages you’re offered, and do any necessary research to pick a college. The more colleges that accept you, the more stressful and difficult these few weeks may be for you, if you’re still unsure about which college is best for you. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. My Rules Regardless of the Number of Colleges You Apply To Follow these guidelines, regardless of the exact number of schools you end up applying to. Rule 1: Have at Least 2Safety Schools While I believe in maintaining optimism, it’s wise to prepare for a worst-case scenario. If you only get into your safety schools, you still want at least a couple of options to consider. Stay safe with safety schools. Rule 2: Don’t Apply to Any Colleges You Wouldn’t Want to Attend Considering the time and cost associated with applying to college, it’s pretty pointless to apply to a college that you have no desire to attend. Even if your safety schools aren’t your top choices, they should be colleges that you’d be willing to attend. Rule 3: Do the Majority of Your College ResearchBefore You Apply Before applying to college, you should have a good idea of what you’re looking for in a school.There are about 2,500 4-year colleges. Use college finders, college search websites, guidebooks, ranking lists, and campus visits to help decide which colleges you should apply to. Also, you can talk to your teachers, counselors, parents, current students, and alumni to help you narrow down your list of schools. Rule 4: Try to Rank the Schools You Apply to Before You Receive Acceptances After you apply, continue to do your research and try to rank the schools assuming you were offered admission to all of them. This will make the selection process easier.Once you receive your acceptances and review your financial aid packages (if you apply for need-based aid), you can factor in the cost of attendance for each school into your decision. Rule 5: Be Realistic About Your Chances of Admission Even though it’s perfectly fine to apply to reach colleges, at a certain point, a college may be too much of a reach, and you’d be better served to focus on schools that are more likely to admit you.Usually, if your GPA and standardized test scores are well below those of the average student at a very selective college (less than a 25% acceptance rate), your odds of gaining admission will be extremely low, and in some cases, virtually nil. For example, in 2014, at Princeton University, only 2% of admitted students had a GPA below a 3.5. At Yale, out of high schools that provided class rank, 97% of admitted students graduated in the top 10% of their class. You may still have a realistic chance if there’s something exceptional in your application. If you’re a world-class athlete, the child of a major donor, or you’ve overcome incredibly unique obstacles, you may still have a legitimate shot at admission with subpar grades and test scores. Also, if your grades are on par but you have below average test scores for a selective college, you may still have a shot of getting in, especially if you’re from a disadvantaged or underrepresented background. Rob Mills/Flickr College List Examples Here are a couple of hypothetical examples to illustrate some of the concepts that I explained above. Example #1 Josie wants to go to a very selective college in the South. She has a 3.9 weighted GPA and received a 2250 on the SAT. She doesn't want to be too far from her home in Atlanta, but she is willing to consider schools that are a little further away, but still in the South, if they're a really good fit. She qualifies for application fee waivers, but she has limited time to complete applications due to her job, school, and extracurricular activities. She doesn't know exactly what she wants to major in, but she's interested in science. How many schools should Josie apply to? Well, Josie's options are immediately limited because she wants to go to a very selective college in the South that's strong in the sciences. Also, she would prefer to be close to Atlanta. Because she's focused on selectivity, she may want to consider applying to more schools, but her time is limited. I would recommend that Josie apply to about 8 schools. Here would be a sample list of schools to apply to for Josie: Reach Schools: Duke University and Vanderbilt University Target Schools: Georgia Tech, Emory University, University of Virginia, College of William and Mary Safety Schools: University of Georgia and Mercer University Example #2 George is from a small town in California. He knows he wants to major in agronomy or crop science. He is willing to go away for school, but he only wants to be on the West Coast or East Coast. He prefers a selective college, but that's not his biggest priority. George has a 3.6 weighted GPA and received a 28 on his ACT. He is not overly concerned with the cost or time needed to apply, but he does need financial aid and is worried about the cost of school. How many schools should George apply to? George's major of interest and desire to be on one of the coasts severely limit his choices. In order to give him options and a chance to attend a selective school, I would recommend that George apply to about 7 schools. That would give him a better chance of getting into a selective school, and he can compare the financial aid packages he receives or opt to go to an in-state public school if he doesn't receive the aid he's hoping for. Here would be a sample list for George: Reach Schools: UC Davis, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo Target Schools: University of Connecticut, Virginia Tech, North Carolina State Safety Schools: CSU Fresno, University of Vermont UC Davis arboretum (ludios/Flickr) Final Advice While there's no cap on the number of schools you can apply to, some students, especially those from affluent backgrounds who want to go to a selective college, can go overboard, applying to more than 20 or 30 colleges. Personally, I would strongly discourage any student from applying to more than 15 colleges.If you apply to more than that, you’re probably going to make the application process too stressful and time-consuming. Also, most students who apply to more than 15 colleges are applying to at least a few schools that they wouldn’t want to attend. If you do the necessary research before you apply, you should be able to limit your list of schools to 15 or fewer. Honestly, anything more than 10 feels excessive to me, but I understand that some students are capable of applying to more and want to give themselves more options. On the other hand, some students, especially those who are low-income or the first in their families to go to college, often apply to too few colleges.If you don’t have very specific needs that are limiting your college options, and if selectivity is a factor in your college decision, I recommend applying to at least 6 schools. Explore your options. Some students only apply to their local state school because that’s what’s expected of them. Many are completely unaware of all of the college options that are available to them. Consider state institutions, private colleges, and out-of-state schools. Don’t forget to apply to safety schools.I’ve mentioned it a couple of times, but if you’re applying to 4-year colleges, you want to make sure that you have options. What's Next? Before you decide how many schools to apply to, familiarize yourself with the complete college application timeline. You may also want to learn how to get into the most selective colleges. Once you start your applications, review how to write a great college essay. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Biography of Anne Hathaway, Shakespeares Wife

Biography of Anne Hathaway, Shakespeare's Wife William Shakespeare is arguably the most famous writer of all time, but his private life and marriage to Anne Hathaway isnt necessarily well known to the public. Gain more insight into the circumstances that shaped the bards life and possibly his writing  with this biography of Hathaway. Birth and Early Life Hathaway was born circa  1555. She grew up in  a farmhouse in  Shottery, a small village on the outskirts of Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England.  Her  cottage  remains on the site and has since become a major tourist attraction. Little is known about Hathaway. Her name crops up a few times in historical records, but historians don’t have any real sense of what type of woman she was. Shotgun Marriage Anne Hathaway married William Shakespeare in November 1582. She was 26, and he was 18. The couple lived in  Stratford-upon-Avon,  which is roughly 100 miles northwest of London. It appears the two had a shotgun wedding. Evidently, they  conceived a child out of wedlock and a wedding was arranged despite the fact that marriages were not traditionally performed at that time of year. The couple would go on to have a total of  three children (two daughters, one son). Special permission had to be asked from the Church, and friends and family had to financially guarantee the wedding and sign a surety for  £40- a huge sum in those days. Some historians believe that the marriage was an unhappy one and the couple was forced together by the pregnancy. Although there is no evidence to support this, some historians go as far as to suggest that Shakespeare  left for London to escape the day-to-day pressures of his unhappy marriage. This is, of course, wild speculation. Did Shakespeare  Run Away to London? We know that William Shakespeare lived and worked in London for most of his adult life. This has led to speculation about the state of his  marriage to Hathaway. Broadly, there are two camps of thought: The Failed Marriage: Some speculate that a difficult marriage in Stratford-upon-Avon compelled the young William to seek his fortune away from home. London would have been many days ride  and was perhaps welcome escape for William who was trapped by a shotgun wedding and children. Indeed, there is evidence (although scant) that William was unfaithful while in London, and would compete with his business partner for the attention of London’s women.The Loving Marriage: If the above is true, it does not explain why William kept such close ties with the town. It seems he regularly returned to share his new-found wealth with Anne and his children. Land investments in the Stratford-upon-Avon area also prove that he planned to retire to the town once his working life in London finished. Children Six months after the marriage, their first daughter Susanna was born. Twins, Hamnet and Judith soon followed in 1585. Hamnet died at age 11, and  four years later Shakespeare wrote Hamlet, a play that may have been inspired by the grief of losing his son.   Death Anne Hathaway outlived her husband. She died Aug. 6,  1623. She is buried next to Shakespeare’s grave inside Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon. Like her husband, she has an inscription upon her tomb, some of which is written in Latin: Here lyeth the body of Anne  wife of William Shakespeare who departed this life the 6th day of August 1623 being of the age of 67 years. Breasts, O mother, milk and life thou didst give. Woe is me- for how great a boon shall I give stones? How much rather would I pray that the good angel should move the stone so that, like Christs body, thine image might come forth! But my prayers are unavailing. Come quickly, Christ, that my mother, though shut within this tomb may rise again and reach the stars.

Have we learned any lessons from the financial crisis of 2007-8 Assignment

Have we learned any lessons from the financial crisis of 2007-8 - Assignment Example When the criticality of the matter dawned on the American society, it was difficult to accept the dire consequences of the downfall. Organizations deemed stable enough to survive any surging economic pressure proved to be at the verge of collapse in the 2008 scenario. President Obama had to help America resolve the issue, and settling it needed firm decisions taken in good time to save the average American from the consequences resulting from the crisis. This is how the Dodd-Frank law surfaced as a potential solution to the imminent financial collapsing of the great economy. It is of essence to highlight the critical lessons learnt from the crisis and doing that is the sole purpose of this paper. Causes of the 2008 Recession An analysis of the real situation in 2008 and highlight the main causes of the collapsing of big financial institutions. One fact about the issue is that Americans had build too much trust on some of the banks that they did not see the crisis, coming and this is the main reason why Americans became victims. This does not assert that people should not trust banks but should do so after judging their credibility based on their financial reports. At least people should make an informed choice be ore trusting financial institutions. ... Understanding how banks operate is essential in analyzing how the recession resulted. All banks often make investments that can turn to be failures. If that happens, experts can calculate the asset value and these banks can receive recapitalization for the loss. However, the level of trust is very fundamental in determining whether a bank is worthy of recapitalization. Its performance in the market must prove that it is not subject to sudden collapsing. Banks deemed stable enough in the market have resulted to a form of pathology as Fischer described in his recent speech. These banks reached a point whereby assessing how much they lost in bad investments became a challenge. Before the onset of the recession, these banks were safe havens for most people. Majority of financial experts thought that these banks only suffered losses via mortgage insecurities. However, facts reveal that other toxic investments increased the losses incurred by banks. The bigger banks stand better chances in the market because of the privilege they have. Their stability in the market becomes a crucial factor that serves to reduce chances of bankruptcy declaration. While the less stable banks have a great fear of taking great business risks in fear of ending up bankrupt, the bigger banks can take costly risks much more easily as Arcand, Berkes and Panizza mentioned in their working paper released in 2009. In 2006, big banks sought to take advantage of the declining house prices hoping to make profits in the secondary market as Feng, and Serilitis in their research paper in 2009 on efficiency and technical change in U.S banks. Their investment in housing had its basis on mortgage security. Predictions were that housing

Herbert Hoover Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Herbert Hoover - Article Example The Efficiency Movement of the United States, was a major part of the Progressive Era. The ideology championed by those who supported this movement, was that the society, government and the economy contained unwanted elements that bogged things down. In order to cleanse the system, experts must be appointed to identify the errors and to fix them. Hoover was a prominent figure who championed this movement. He held the view that the economy could be fixed and made better by coming up with technical solutions. However, it so happened that the Great Depression started in 1929, during the first year of Hoover's tenure as President. Since his ideology that the economy could be fixed, could not work in such a situation, he was the centre of criticism and mistrust. Herbert Hoover was a reformer and believed in improving the condition of livelihood of the citizens. He denounced the laissez-faire system and believed in regulating bills through Congress. In addition to this, he also supported volunteerism.

Skills and Characteristics of Mental Health Human Service Workers Essay Example for Free

Skills and Characteristics of Mental Health Human Service Workers Essay Skills and Characteristics of Mental Health Human Service Workers Human service workers are people who are chosen to work with people. Human service workers help clients become more self-sufficient. The workers are there to help what issues the client is currently experiencing to be handled with some ease. Human services workers evaluate and plan, put the plan into action, and provide emotional support (Moffat, 2011). These workers help in the mental health care because they allow the person to become a part of their treatment and believe that someone is on his or her side. Human service workers work in many capacities in the mental health care system and other agencies. They have to meet clients at the level in which they understand and operate. They not only help the client, but also help bridge family input to help the client adjust. Human service workers become vital in the recovery process. Human Service Workers in the Mental Health Service are social workers who strive to make better options for their clients. They help the client obtain the treatment they require and in some instances if family connections are needed they help restore him or her. Human service workers become a part of a client’s life until he or she can enter mainstream America and survive on his or her own. Surviving on their own may not always be an option and the assistance of other agencies, families, and workers are vital to the clients survival. The human services worker is like a life coach to the client. Each session has to provide them with a life skill and an assignment for them to complete. This is part of the recovery process because there is an ending to this process. It is done in stages, and it is a lesson learned every time. The human services worker becomes a part of the client’s life but must recognize that once the session ends he or she progresses on to the next client and assist them with their concerns. The client has to know that in that moment that he or she matter. Personal characteristics of people differ for those of a career in human services. Human service workers have to understand that a career in this field is a calling and not a choice. To work with people and make them feel as if they matter is a calling and not something they choose to be good at. Human service workers have to be personal, friendly, willing to go the extra mile, and fight on behalf of the client. The person has to relate to people and understand his or her level to understand. The characteristics that I feel are most important are able to meet people on their level and know that sometimes you have to change your manner of speech. Empathy is a characteristic is useful in being a human services and one that I do not show very often. I have sympathy, but empathy is something that I personally have to work on. In addition to the empathy leadership is a characteristic and the most important is communication. You must be able to communicate with the client, your peers, and other agencies to complete your task of helping your client. Empowerment would be a huge characteristic as well. This will give you a feeling of being able to do what needs to be done within your scope of available resources. This makes human service workers effective in the jobs they do and meeting the needs of the clients they assist. I know you must separate your personal feelings from your professional feelings. An effective worker knows how to separate them and make sure that the lines do not cross. Human service workers are needed to help with facilitating the assistance that some clients need and without their help agencies would not be able to be effective. Human service workers have a definite position and the must also exhibit certain characteristics that make them worthy of the position they hold as well as the work they do. The thought process for human services can occur in different manners. Most agencies that provide human services are nonprofit. One of the largest nonprofit organizations that help in human services is the church. They may not provide mental services but the do provide assistance and are also able to direct individuals as well as families to other agencies that may also offer assistance. The church in its capacity may provide living arrangements, food vouchers, or even some travel expenses. The church will help those in the community it is in or the members who attend. The church I am most familiar with is my church. The church has a benevolent committee that assists members as well as others in the community. If there is a need the church tries to fulfill that need. Our benevolent committee will meet with the person who has a need, such as paying their electrical bill. The person needs to provide a copy of his or her electrical bill for review. They also have rules and guidelines as well and one rule is that you cannot request the assistance of the committee but one-time within a 90 day time frame. Special circumstances occur in agencies whether private or public services and will be dealt with on a case by case basis. Example of how services are provided. A family had come to the area, and they were struggling. The husband was the only one working at a minimum wage job, the wife was pregnant, and he and she were about to be evicted from his and her apartment. The attended church but no one knew his and her struggle. Upon learning in their struggle it was learned that they did not have a fully furnished apartment. Our benevolent committee was notified of this and went into effect. They assisted in getting the apartment rent current, paid the electrical bill, and other necessities bills that were not current. The family was then taken to the grocery store and other cleaning supplies. The church family, which was not a part of the benevolent committee but saw the need went into effect and donated furnishings to the family, which included living room furniture, dining room furniture, and bedroom furniture. These items were much needed and the family truly appreciated them and as things occur when you believe in a higher power the husband was offered employment that allowed him to leave his minimum wage job. The services of the church as a nonprofit human services advocate shows that help is available. Mental Health Services are most commonly linked to human service workers. Mental Health Services can be a good option to some, and it can also follow under corrupt actions by family members who abuse the assistance offered. The good is offered by mental health services and the human service workers who work on their behalf is funded by the states. Human service workers who work for the state and help families apply for services and funds that are available for their way of living. The state funded agencies will allow clients to have housing at a reduced amount as well as qualify for Medicaid, food stamps, and a government checks. These checks give the client a level of freedom and a normalcy to living. Social Security Disability (SSI or SSDI) is offered to families whether they are children or adults. Not everyone qualifies for these benefits, but it is the job of the human services worker to help with filing for these services and the individual to supply the worker with the information needed to ensure services are provided. I know of a child who was born prematurely, and she was able to obtain SSI benefits due to her being born before the mothers estimated due date. This provided the mother the option to purchase items needed for the child. The above is the good that comes from receiving SSI. There are some corrupt individuals who receive disability checks. I say corrupt because the person who helps oversee the individuals that receive the checks does not use them in the manner in which who are supposed to. The human service worker does not have any control over the individuals and who they designate as his or her caretaker. I know of a family in which they receive five SSI checks in their household. However, the person designated as the caretaker does not take care of the individuals who receive the checks. Their household bills are never current and they never have enough to make ends meet until the end of the month. However the caretaker does just enough to keep the family a float and uses the majority to take care of her family. For example the family in which the five checks are disbursed to have had to move from a three bedroom home to a two bedroom home because they were evicted. The eviction did not come due to the monies not being available, but because the monies were not used to pay rent. The family runs the risk of their utilities disconnected every month as well as the cable television services. The family also receives food stamps, but whenever you visit the family they are always hungry. The amazing thing in this is that the caretaker was recently able to have two new cars added to her household that require a monthly payment yet the caretaker is not willing to provide any transportation services for the individuals who receive the disability checks. This issue is a common known issue among the family yet when the other family members approach her she rejects this information. Adult protective services have been contacted and visits have been made to the house. The caretaker however is always able to pull off a well taken care home. The case manager assigned to the family cannot make any changes to the way the house is run because the person whose name appears on the check is within her sound mind. The effects this type of behavior has on the human services worker is that they work so hard to obtain services for the individuals, and the services are not being disbursed properly. The human services must make sure that in their evaluation they take into consideration the needs of the client and that the needs are being met. Human services workers can be seen as saints in the eyes of some clients and the devil in eyes of others. Human service workers must have the insight to determine legitimate cases yet it is not totally up to their discernments. Human services workers require some type of documentation to support their finding. The findings can be related to mental health services, medical services, and household services. The services have to be justified because many of these services are provided by nonprofit agencies. Everyone wants to feel as if they matter. I believe the goal and the priority of the human service worker. The client has issues or he or she would not have been looking for the help. The skills that the human service worker passes on to the client are useful and become useful to the client. The client begins to gain some self-respect and self-esteem about themselves. They start approaching life differently.

Analysis of Ferrous Ferrite (Fe3O4)

Analysis of Ferrous Ferrite (Fe3O4) 1.1 INTRODUCTION: The naturally occurring ferrite is the ferrous ferrite (Fe3O4) as â€Å"Load stone†. In early days it was called as ferromagnetic material. L.Neel, tells us that these materials are â€Å"ferromagnetic† material due to uncompensated anti parallel spin arrangement. Due to interesting intrinsic properties magnetic materials are classified into Ferromagnetic materials, Ferrites. In last decades , in the field of the ferrites expensive development was done by many contributors and found to be technically, commercially useful magnetic material. These materials are at high frequencies, high electrical resistivity of magnetic temperature coefficient of resistance along with low magnetic loss. Basically, Ferrous ferrite (Fe3O4) consist double oxides FeO and Fe2O3 . The properties of these materials are alter by substituting divalent iron ion by divalent cation like Cd2+,Mg2+,Ni2+,Zn2+,Cu2+,Co2+ etc. from transition element. The spinel ferrites are represented as MFe2O4, where M is divalent cations. The magnetic properties are significantly improved by substituting trivalent iron ion by Al3+,Cr3+,Mn4+, Ti4+,Sn4+, Gd3+,Nd3+ etc. for particular applications because of their interesting magnetic and electrical properties with chemical and thermal stabilities[Gadkari A.B et.al. (2010)]. The applications of these materials in fields like electrical components, memory devices, microwave devices telecommunications, electronic industries, dada storage, data processing due to its high resistivity and low power losses. [Ernst Schloeman et al. (2000)] Ferrites are of two type’s,one is hard ferrite and other is soft ferrite. The material which are easily magnetized and demagnetized, it is called soft magnetic material .That means, it can store or transfer magnetic energy in alternating or other changing wave forms. The ferromagnetic materials like iron, nickel, cobalt and some of the rare earths materials shows a unique magnetic behavior. All the magnetic moments of the individual ions or atoms are aligned parallel to some particular direction and the unpaired electron spins line up parallel with each other in the ferromagnetic material. The region in which magnetic dipoles align parallel to each other is called a domain. The structural properties of ferrite are very important. The structural properties of ferrites mainly depends on the manufacturing process of ferrite[Mangalaraja R.V. et al. (2003)]. In fundamental science, magnetic spinel ferrites are of great importance. They are useful especially for find out the fundamental relationship between magnetic properties and their crystalchemistry and structure [ Kalonji G.et.al.(1999)]. They find extensive applications in microwave devices, radar, digital recording, ferrofluids, catalysis and magnetic refrigeration systems [Horvath M.P. et.al. (2007)]. For the spinel ferrite the general formula is AB2O4and it is consisting of an almost perfect cubic closed packed oxygen arrangement, with the cations residing on tetrahedral and octahedralinterstices. Nowadays, magnetic materials are used in various fields. The soft magnetic materials can be attracted to a permanent magnet and the hard magnetic materials become a permanent magnet. In case of soft magnetic materials, the large magnetic fields cannot be generated to the outside but in hard magnetic materials it generates magnetic fields. The magnetic materials like iron, cobalt and nickel ordinarily reveal prominent magnetic property. In industry, the ferromagnetic materials are widely used. In case of metal and alloy magnetic materials, due to their lower electrical resistivity the initial permeability and magnetic flux density is high and loss in eddy current is large at high frequencies. Nowadays, high-frequency characteristics are more useful, so this is occurred in ferrites which is multiplying the thin films. Due to higher electrical resistivity, the soft ferrites has excellent characteristics at high frequency. They are abundantly used for inductors or core materials of trans former. The hard ferrite is also used abundantly as permanent magnets for speakers and motors. The soft ferrite is used into an alternating magnetic field. Ferrites are chemical compounds. They are composed of a ceramic material along with iron oxide as their main component. The magnetic property of the ferrite is due the structure and the arrangement of the ions in the sub lattice. 1.2 SPINEL COMPOUNDS The word spinel which is derived from Italian spinella, diminutive of spine, thorn (from its sharply pointed crystals). In the cubic system, Spinel crystallizes forming octahedral crystals. In spinel super group there are at least 30 oxide minerals included. The majority of spinel compounds belongs to the space group Fd3m. The formula for the principal member of the group has, AB2O4; out of which ‘A’ is a divalent metal ion such as magnesium, iron, nickel, manganese and zinc. The ‘B’ is trivalent metal ions such as aluminium, iron, chromium and/or manganese. Also, titanium Ti4+ and Pb2+ etc. may occupy this site. The solid solutioning which is common process in this group of minerals that means they may contain certain percentages of different ions in any particular specimen [Adams, D. M (1974)]. The oxygen ions are mostly larger than the metallic ions and the spinel structure can be formed by a cubic close packing of O2- ions, in most oxide structures in wh ich the cations (e.g. Co2+, Fe3+) occupy certain interstices. So, the structure of a spinel compound and the highly symmetric structure of diamond is same. The position of the A ions and the positions of carbon atoms occupied in the diamond structure is identical. In this group this could discuss the relatively high hardness and high density. The arrangement in the structure of the other ions shows the symmetry just like diamond structure. This arrangement of the ions verifies the octahedral crystal structure which is the predominant crystal form and also the trademark of the spinels. Now a day, there are well over a hundred compounds are reported of the spinel structure. Most of them are oxides, sulphides, selenides and tellurides and some are halides. There are different cations may be introduced into the spinel structure and several charge combinations are possible, therefore, almost any combination that added and balances eight positive charges of anionic charges [Smyth,D.M.(200 0)],for example Co2+Fe23+O4, Mg22+Ti4+O4, Li1+Al3+Ti4+O4, Li0.51+Al2.53+O4 and Na21+W6+O4, etc. In oxide spinels, there are two types of cations which do not differ in size greatly because the spinel structure is stable only when the cations are rather medium sized and also the radii of the different ionic species in the same compound must be nearly equal. Therefore, similar cation combinations occur in sulphides, e.g. Zn2+Al23+S4 and Cu22+Sn4+S4. Hence, in halide spinels e.g. Li21+Ni3+F4 and Li1+Mn23+/ 4+F4 in which cations are limited to charges of plus 1 and plus 2, give an overall cation: anion ratio of 3 as 4. Most spinels divided into three series determined by a B metal represent aluminate series with Al3+ (Hercynite, Gahnite, Galaxite); a magnetite series with Fe3+ (Magnetite,Magnesioferrite, Franklinite); the chromite series with Cr3+ (Chromite, Magnesiochromite). There is extensive cationic exchange (solid solution) within each series but very little between the series [King, R. J (2004)]. These spinels are classified on the basis of the distribution of cations in the two principal sites which are tetrahedral site (T-) and octahedral site (O-) [West, A. R. (1989)], into three types. 1.2.1 NORMAL SPINEL In normal spinel A (BB) O4, all the divalent (A) cations placed on the tetrahedral (T-) sites and the trivalent (B) cations present on the octahedral (O-) sites. Which can be shown by the formula [A]tet [B2]oct O4. The examples of normal spinel are MgO.Al2O3 = MgAl2O4 (normal, parent mineral) ZnO.Fe2O3 = ZnFe2O4 (normal) FeO.Al2O3 = FeAl2O4 (normal) CoO.Al2O3 = CoAl2O4 (normal) MnO.Al2O3 = MnAl2O4 (normal) NiO.Al2O3 = NiAl2O4 - (normal) 1.2.2 INVERSE SPINEL The inverse spinel, B (AB) O4, the divalent cations occupying on the O-sites and the trivalent cations which are equally divided among the T- and remaining other on O-sites. Which can be represented by formula, [B]tet [A, B]oct O4. The CoFe2O4 is conformably an inverse spinel with a formula; CoxFe1-x (Co1-xFe1+x) O4(with x 0) where x represents the cation distribution factor which discuss the fraction of tetrahedral sites occupied by Co2+ cations [Guire, M. R.D (1989)]. CoO.Fe2O3 = FeCoFeO4 (inverse) NiO.Fe2O3 = FeNiFeO4 - (inverse) MgO.Fe2O3 = FeMgFeO4 (inverse) 1.2.3 RANDOM SPINEL It has an intermediate cation distribution, represented as [B0.67 A0.33]tet [A0.67B1.33]octO4. In this elementary unit cell of spinel structure consists eight tetrahedral and sixteen octahedral sites which are occupied by metal ions and the extreme cases, represent completely normal and inverse spinel, Therefore, the general cation distribution can be represented as [ M(2)iq+M(1)1-ip+]AIV [M(1)p+i/2 M(2)(2-i)/2q+]2BvI O4 where M+(1)p+ and M(2)q+ are the minority and majority cations respectively. Hence, the first quantity in brackets shows the average occupancy of A-sites (coordination number of four (IV)) and the second quantity in brackets shows the average occupancy of B-sites (coordination number of six (VI)). The inversion parameter ÃŽ ³, shows the fraction of A-sites acquired by majority ions.

Managerial Stakeholder Theory

Managerial Stakeholder Theory To predict real-life phenomena we need theories. Similarly, stakeholder theory is a theory which is used to explain the phenomena of motivation for corporate social disclosures. This research work is based on the concept of stakeholder theory and its practical applications in predicting the phenomena of corporate social disclosures (van der Laan 2009). Further there will be explanation of Managerial stakeholder theory. The concept of stakeholder theory has got popularity among corporate world, managers, media and academics.Concept of Stakeholder management theory is very much related to business ethics and it has dominated the literature of business ethics. In doing business values become a necessary part of the organization and stakeholder theory starts from this assumption. Stakeholder theory explains the behavior of managers towards their stakeholders and also tells us how the managers want to do the business. The theory also clears that what kind of relationship managers want with their stakeholders and what kind of relationship they should have (Aarhus School of Business 2004).There will also be a brief history of stakeholder theory and its role in explaining the motivation for corporate social disclosures. There are two theories which are offered to describe the phenomena of motivation for the corporate social disclosures. First one is managerial stakeholder theory and another is legitimacy theory. Legitimacy theory is not our concern here as it says that corporate social disclosures are voluntary in nature and are part of process of legitimating (Crane & Ruebottom 2011).An article â€Å"The role of theory in explaining motivation for corporate social disclosures: voluntary disclosures v/s solicited disclosure† from the journal â€Å"Australasian accounting business and finance journal† is considered to complete the assessment. The article is a good source of information for the topic stakeholder theory as i t is currently written. This is a highly reliable article as it is taken from the journal which is a journal of university of Sydney.The article covers all the information which is required to complete this assessment. It explains the concept of corporate social disclosures in detail and how it is motivated by the theories like stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory. Accuracy of the article is excellent as it is easily accessible and contacting information of the author is also provided. The author is a highly renowned author in Australia and also is a faculty of economics and business in the University of Sydney (Colorado college community 2012).The phenomenon which is discussed in this work later is of motivation for corporate social disclosures. Corporate social disclosures are primarily voluntary in nature as it tells the stakeholders of an organization about the internal information of the organization. Stakeholders are the important part of the organization and they should h ave the information about the organization. But today corporate social disclosures are not voluntary every time as there are companies which keep their stakeholder away from the information which can affect them.Stakeholders like NGO’s, regulatory agencies, fund managers who are directly or indirectly associated with the organization are demanding the social information from the companies and thus increasing the social responsibilities of the companies (Crane & Ruebottom 2011). This is how the concept of solicited corporate social disclosure comes into existence. Due to this confusion around disclosure principles we have a big area of research. According to Freeman the definition of Stakeholder is â€Å"any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization. Shareholders also come under stakeholders group as they are the important part of the organization. Shareholders are also affected by the firm’s success or failure just li ke customers, suppliers, employees and local community. In general the idea of the stakeholder theory is about the conceptualization of the organization i. e. how an organization should be. Friedman has said that â€Å"the organization itself should be thought of as grouping of stakeholders and the purpose of the organization should be to manage their interests, needs and viewpoints. A manager’s responsibility is to manage the corporation for the benefit of its stakeholder so that they can insure their rights and participation in decision making. Management of an organization is just like an agent for the stakeholders which ensures the survival of the firm (Fontaine, Haarman & Schmid 2006). The definition of stakeholder and its relationship with management; purpose of the organization and its behavior towards the stakeholders; role of the managers towards the stakeholders; these things have got changed over the time and are very confusing.For example the father of stakeh older theory Freeman himself changed the definition of stakeholder. In one of his latest publication he defines stakeholder as â€Å"those groups who are vital to the success and survival of the corporation. † In his other latest publication he states that â€Å"The principle of stakeholder recourse. Stakeholder may bring an action against the directors for failure to perform the required duty of care. † In all we can say that the concept of stakeholder theory needs to be studied thoroughly so that we can get a clear picture of the theory (Reed 1999).There are two approaches to the stakeholder theory first one is called as normative approach and the second one is known as descriptive approach. The principles and ideas which are explained above come under normative approach of Stakeholder Theory. Normative approach of stakeholder theory explains the behavior of managers and stakeholders towards organization i. e. how the managers and stakeholders should act and what sho uld be their view on the purpose of the organization.It is all based on some ethical principles. The descriptive approach of the stakeholder theory deals with the actual behavior of the managers and stakeholders towards the organization. This theory is concerned with managers and stakeholders i. e. how they actually view their actions and roles. There is another approach to the Stakeholder theory which is known as Instrumental stakeholder theory which is concerned about how the managers and stakeholders should behave if they want to work on their own interest.In some literature own interest is considered as the objective of the organization i. e. maximization of shareholders wealth and profit maximization of the organization. So in all we can say that generally there are three approaches to the managerial stakeholder theory first normative approach second descriptive approach and the third is Instrumental approach. As the concept of the Stakeholder theory has got popular among organ izations resultantly different definitions of the stakeholder has been developed. The question arises what is a Stakeholder?Stanford Research Institute (SRI) defines the stakeholder as â€Å"those groups without whose support organization would cease to exist. † This definition is given in the book of Freeman. After this Freeman gave another definition of the Stakeholder that â€Å"any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives. † After this Freeman continued to use these definitions in a modified form â€Å"those groups who are vital to the survival and the success of the organizations. So, we can say that there is no a particular definition of stakeholder which is accepted by the entire business community but yes, they use it according to their needs. Now when the definition of stakeholder is clear the other question comes in front of us and that is who the stakeholders are? We can classify the stakeh olders in group of people who are associated with the organization. The main groups of stakeholders are: Customers, Employees, Local Communities, Suppliers and Distributers and Shareholders. This classification of stakeholders is done by Friedman.He has also considered some other groups as stakeholders in addition, these groups are: The media, the public in general, business partners, future generations, past generations (founders of the organization), academics, competitors, NGO’s or activists, stakeholder representatives such as trade unions or trade associations of suppliers or distributors, financiers other than stockholders (debt holders, bond holders and creditors), government, regulators and policymakers. After the classification of the stakeholder there are some other sub classifications such as media will be categorized as Print media, Television, radio.Similarly, other classifications are having their sub categories and definitions (Fontaine, Haarman & Schmid 20 06). If we talk about the history of the stakeholder theory, it came into existence in the mid of 1980. The person who gave this theory to the world is Richard Edward Freeman. The credit of the popularization of stakeholder concept goes to Freeman. The title of his work is Strategic Management and only the subtitle is A Stakeholder Approach and came out in 1984. The concept of stakeholder of Freeman was done on the perspective of company.He built on the process work of Ion Mitroff, Richard Mason, and James Emshoff. The word stakeholder came from research work in Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1960. After this the concept of stakeholder was heavily influenced by the planning department of the Lockheed Company and these ideas were developed from the researching done by Igor Ansoff and Robert Steward. Dodd said that GEC was already identifying four groups with whom they had to deal with. These four groups were: shareholders, employees, customers and general public.After this in 1 990’s Johnson and Johnson added one more group to this category and this group was of managers. Further the concept of stakeholder theory got modified by Friedman and is still on the way of modification. Theories and frameworks which were traditional were not efficient enough to help managers to develop new strategic directions. Freeman says that the old theories were not consistent with the quality and kind of change which were taking place in the environment of 1980’s. In Freeman’s word it was not enough to solve the calls for increased productivity using the methods from Japan or Europe.According to Freeman, â€Å"The emergence of new groups, events and issues which cannot be readily understood within the framework of an existing model or theory†¦ It makes us uncomfortable because it cannot be readily assimilated into the relatively more comfortable relationships with suppliers, owners, customers and employees†¦ It originates and the murky area lab eled environment and affects our ability cope with internal changes. † Freeman made his view of the firm as a common hub and managers were not mentioned in this hub as they work within the firm so they will automatically be included in the hub (Crane & Ruebottom 2011).The word Stakeholder was chosen by Freeman on the basis of the traditional word Stockholder. Stockholder is a word which takes only a look on the economic point of view but Stakeholder considers a group of people who can affect or can get affected by the achievement of the organization’s objective. Means stakeholder is a broader term and stockholder is a narrower term which can come under stakeholder. Now we will be discussing Normative, Descriptive and Instrumental theories of stakeholder separately.The aim of normative approach of the stakeholder theory is to understand the moral or philosophical guidelines linked to the activities or the management of the corporations. In descriptive approach we con sider the behavior of the managers towards the stakeholders, means how they deal with the stakeholders. On the other hand instrumental approach study the organizational consequences of taking into account stakeholders in management examining the connections between the practice of stakeholder management and the achievement of various corporate governance goals.Normative theory is the core of the stakeholder theory. It answers the questions like what are the responsibilities of the companies in respect of the stakeholders. And why should companies take care of others interests than the shareholder’s interests. Many authors accept that relationships between the firm and the stakeholders are based on the moral commitments and normative approach deals with the same. Freeman and Evan gave their normative theory based on the definition of stakeholder that â€Å"those groups who are vital to the survival and success of the corporation. These groups involve customers, employees, sup pliers, communities, shareholders and managers. Evan and Freeman proposed two principles: Principle of corporate legitimacy and the stakeholder fiduciary principle. The first principle says that the company should be managed for the benefits of its stakeholders and also stakeholders must participate in decision making. The second principle states that management must act as an agent of the stakeholders for the welfare of the stakeholders and to insure the survival of the firm. After this there were other principles developed by Freeman in normative approach e. g.The principle of entry and exit, the principle of governance, the principle of externalities, the principle of contracting costs, the agency principle and the principle of limited immortality (Fontaine, Haarman & Schmid 2006). Off course these principles are having their particular definitions. After normative approach if we discuss about analytical approach of the stakeholder theory then we must notice that it is the co mbination of instrumental and descriptive approach. This analytical approach was proposed by Donaldson and Preston. The analytical theory answers the question: how to organize into the hierarchy stakeholder’s influence.Let us first discuss Freeman’s theory. He gave two definitions of the stakeholders: â€Å"Group of people who can affect or can be affected by the achievement of the organization’s objective. † â€Å"Those groups who are vital to the survival of the organization. † According to the Freeman it is necessary to understand who are those groups who can affect or can be affected by the achievement of the objectives of the firm? He said that each MNC should be clear about its stakeholder and for that he suggested following questions: Who are our current and potential stakeholders? What are their interests and rights?How does each stakeholder affect us? How do we affect each stakeholder? How do we keep score with our stakeholder? And many mo re questions are there in the list. Now when we talk about stakeholder theory and its practical application on corporate social disclosure principles then the theory of solicited corporate social disclosure comes into its existence. According to Gray, â€Å"to place corporate social disclosures in a theoretical context, several broad, overlapping groups of theories concerning information flows between organizations and society have been used. † Theories which are social nd political in nature and deal with the flow of information from companies to the stakeholders are considered more appropriate for the explanation of corporate social disclosures (CSD). Development of the stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory is based on the political economy perspective. Even the perspectives for both the theories are same but there are big differences among them. Stakeholder theory is recognized when an organization has to deal with its stakeholders at micro – level and legitimacy theory is applied at a conceptual level (Fontaine, Haarman & Schmid 2006).Donaldson & Preston stated that, â€Å"Stakeholder theory has been advanced and justified on the basis of its descriptive accuracy, instrumental power and normative validity. These three aspects of theory, although interrelated; are quite distinct. They involve different types of evidence and argument and have different implications. † This research work is based on the descriptive aspect of the stakeholder theory because this is the only aspect of stakeholder theory which is applicable to the real world.Mitchell claims that stakeholder theory attempts to articulate a fundamental question in a systematic way: which groups are stakeholders deserving or requiring management attention, and which are not? † So, the descriptive approach of stakeholder theory clearly explains that who are the stakeholder accountable for the organization and in this way practical application of stakeholder theor y is required to explain the phenomenon of motivation for corporate social disclosure.Stakeholder analysis requires the identification of the stakeholders who are in the need of information from the organization or we can say that who are the stakeholders having some right to have the information (van der Laan 2009). Also it clears that why these stakeholders require the information and others don’t. While deciding the appropriate group of stakeholders to provide the information and the essential information CSDs results in conflict between stakeholders. There are no sufficient research works available which can clarify the CSD’s concept taking descriptive aspect of stakeholder theory into consideration.Social disclosures are used strategically to manage relationships with stakeholders by influencing the level of external demands originating from many different constituencies. Robert applied the framework of Ullmann and found â€Å"Stakeholder power, Strategic posture and economic performance are significantly related to the levels of CSDs and which is used by organizational managers as a proactive method of managing stakeholders and their organizational environment. † Thus we can say that the descriptive approach of managerial stakeholder theory provides a framework in which we analyze the CSD in a centered way.The only limitation of the theory is that it provides the information of organization to the stakeholders who are really in the need of it. References: Ruebottom, T & Crane, A 2011, Stakeholder theory and social identity: Rethinking stakeholder identification, J Bus Ethics, vol. 102, pp. 77-87. Laan, S 2009, The role of theory in explaining motivation for corporate social disclosure: voluntary disclosure vs ‘solicited’ disclosure, Australasian accounting business and finance journal, vol. , no. 4. Reed, D 1999, Stakeholder management theory: a critical theory perspective, Accessed on 3 august 2012, http://www. york u. ca/dreed/pdf/Stakeholder-Mgmt-Critical-Theory. pdf Fonatine, C, Haarman, A & Schmid, S 2006, The Stakeholder theory, Accessed on 3 August 2012, http://www. yorku. ca/dreed/pdf/Stakeholder-Mgmt-Critical-Theory. pdf Colorado community colleges 2012, five criteria for evaluating web pages, Viewed on 3 August 2012, http://www. ccconline. rg/Library_Resources/Evaluating_Sources/Five_Criteria Heath, J & Norman, W 2004, Stakeholder theory, corporate governance and public management, Journal of business ethics, vol. 53, pp. 247-265. Reynolds, S, Schultz, F & Hekman, D 2006, Stakeholder theory and managerial decision making: constraints and implications of balancing stakeholder interests, Journal of business ethics, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 285-301. Phillips, R, Freeman, R, & Wicks, A 2003, what stakeholder theory is not, Business ethics quarterly, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 479-502.

Big Five Personality Theory Essay

Psychology refers to study of human mind and behavior. The main aim of psychology is to gain an intricate understanding of all and why individuals behave the way they do and what are the causes of their behavior. The ultimate aim is to understand a man in order to benefit society at large. There are many theories that discuss and try to explore different aspects of human behavior. The big five personality theory has been revolutionary and is currently the most accepted model in the scientific community. It consists of five traits – Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional stability, and openness and can be remembered by acronym – Ocean. One of the best ways to access a trait is to directly ask a person about the trait ( self report ) and then get an observer to confirm the trait ( observer report ). Me and my husband scored me on various traits as detailed above separately. We scored the answers, the scores and details of each trait are as below: Extroversion: My extroversion scores were (41- 41). This suggests I am talkative, outgoing, seek adventure, and excitement. Introverted people are quiet and reserved, though some researchers have shown that introverts can be as gregarious in social situations as extroverts but the key is in the source of energy. Extroverts gain energy from social interactions where as introverts from solitude. This is so true in my case. I have never been comfortable being alone. Openness: I scored (78-65) in openness, which is characterized by imagination, broadmindedness, originality. People low in this trait traditional, stick to familiarity, follow tested paths. It’s true in my case. I love challenges, trying new things adds new dimension and meaning to my life. In fact I would go ahead and say not doing different things disappoints me. It is this trait that got me my boyfriend who is now my husband. I guess this need comes because I lived 22years of ritualistic and traditional life. Thanks to a strict father. Conscientious : I scored (33-36) on conscientious which is characterized by dependability, efficiency and persistence. I love order in anything. Be it my wardrobe, gym routine, doing my laundry on Saturday or cleanliness of the house. Being on time to appointments, keeping order in life, I believe speaks volumes about a person and I intend to have a positive one. Guess, I get that trait from my father. He was always prompt with bills, early for appointments even informal ones. I did not know one could live any other way. Agreeableness: I scored 30(me)-43(husband) in agreeableness. It is characterized by less negative emotions, like jealousy, revenge and more empathy. People low in this trait look to win arguments not people, lean more towards excitement and dominance. I guess my husband sees me as being as agreeable because he himself is a agreeable person and sees positive in others always whereas I am more critical of myself. I am supportive of friends and family and empathize a lot with people to an extent that I feel angry if my close ones are insulted. But at the same time if someone does something wrong even if it is my mother I will not stop myself from confronting her. So, I must say I agree with my score of 30. Emotional stability: I Scored 16(me)-29(husband) in Emotional stability. It is characterized by stability in emotions in various situations in life and they are calm, free from persistent negative feelings. People rating low on this trait show negative emotions like anger, anxiety, depression, low tolerance to stress, mood swings and pessimism, Both me and my husband have scored me low on this scale. The reason is I do get stressed easily. Exams, major decisions in life get me on my nerves. At those times I am a different person – angry, not approachable and irritable. But once I find solution to the problem in my mind, I immediately get back to being myself. I guess, I need to work on being more stable. The big 5 theory helps shed light towards formation of human personalities and why different individuals exhibit different emotions and reactions when dealing with different social situations. Human behavior just like psychology itself is a broad specialty and having all the answers is virtually i mpossible. However having different theories give innumerable details that helps form a bigger picture of causes and variables that shape a human. Anju Priyadarshini

Topic Review on Performance Appraisals Example

Topic Review on Performance Appraisals Example Topic Review on Performance Appraisals – Assignment Example Section/# Analysis of 3 Performance Reviews With regards to the very first performance review, this one is inarguably the worst, the most incomplete, and the least definitive of any actual performance that may or may not have been accomplished within the given period in question. This is ultimately the fault of the fact that the performance review does not have any room for employer or employee feedback; rather, it is a mere running list of checkboxes that should be filled in order to complete the ultimate â€Å"check box† of the performance review. This robs merit from the overall process due to the fact that the checkboxes of excellent, good, fair, and poor do not and cannot display the ultimate complexity of the full range of job functions that the employee might be engaging in any single day of work. Although check boxes are not in and of themselves a bad metric for judging certain aspects of an employee’s performance, they cannot and should not be used solely due t o the fact that they cannot express the full range of nuance that is bound to be reflected in any given job. Moreover, by not allowing the shareholders in the process to make notes and compare the complex determinants of the prior period as compared to the current, there is no means of assessing the situation from both perspectives. As such, this particular approach is flat and incomplete. The secondary performance review exhibits a great many strengths over the first. Namely, these can be enumerated upon by the fact that it denotes for what period the performance review is taking place, allows for the users of the review to both have their input so that both sides can manifestly be exhibited, allows for additional question and metrics to be added due to the fact that it is nearly impossible to create a performance review that adequately captures the full range and functions of each job adequately. If there could be said to be a drawback to this particular performance evaluation, it would have to be the fact that it does not incorporate any of the elements of the checkboxes that made the previous performance review so weak. Although relying entirely upon check boxes to indicate an overall mean or score with regards to work performance is unwise, seeking to allow such a system to compliment the other aspects of metrics which are used is quite helpful. The third and final performance review is both the longest and the best one of the others which have thus far been mentioned and discussed. This is due to the fact that it allows for both shareholders comments, a discussion of the total range of responsibilities of the employee in question, the use of check boxes to denote the overall satisfaction that the employer can measure from the functions that the employee is tasked with performing, as well as the fact that it incorporates an assessment plan at the conclusion to help seek to rectify any issues that the performance review might have turned up. Work Consulted West Bend School District: Managing Performance of Support Staff, 2011-2012.

Account for the Development of Public Health Reforms in the 19th Century and Assess Their Role in Improving the Populations Health by the Early 20th Century Essays

Account for the Development of Public Health Reforms in the 19th Century and Assess Their Role in Improving the Populations Health by the Early 20th Century Essays Account for the Development of Public Health Reforms in the 19th Century and Assess Their Role in Improving the Populations Health by the Early 20th Century Essay Account for the Development of Public Health Reforms in the 19th Century and Assess Their Role in Improving the Populations Health by the Early 20th Century Essay OOO o 233,000, of Glasgow from 77,000 to 345,000, of Liverpool from 82,000 to 376,000 and of Manchester from 75,000 to 303,000 (Alcock,Daly,Griggs,2008) Small areas of habitation grew quickly until they grew into the major cities. Birmingham and Sheffield became famous for their manufacturing trades. London, Liverpool and Bristol grew because of the docks, railways and canals that enabled goods to be exported. The unprecedented numbers of people moving to, and indeed creating these towns and cities meant that housing solutions needed to be found very quickly; to this end some factory owners built accommodation for their workers, hese would be built close to the factories so that the workers could easily be called to work by the factory bell, as most workers did not have their own clocks. As the factory owners were motivated primarily by profit, and tended to view workers as Just another resource accommodation was often constructed to the lowest possible standard. Salford, once more important than Manchester, was then the leading town of the surrounding district to which it still gives its name, Salford Hundred. Hence it is that an old and therefore very unwholesome, dirty, and ruinous locality is ouses could be extremely basic with communal toilets and without running water, and with no arrangements made for the disposal of human waste. Over-crowded, ill-drained, badly-ventilated, and miserable abodes which line the narrow lanes and filthy alleys abounding in most large town (Roberts, 1855) With the numbers of people moving to the towns and cities there could not be enough houses built to cope with demand; in these cases people would be forced to live in cellars and other unsuitable dwellings, often alongside other families and even animals. It often appens that a wh ole Irish family is crowded into one bed; often a heap of filthy straw or quilts of old sacking cover all in an indiscriminate heap, where all alike are degraded by want, stolidity, and wretchedness. Often the inspectors found, in a single house, two families in two rooms. All slept in one, and used the other as a kitchen and dining-room in common. Often more than one family lived in a single damp cellar, in whose pestilent atmosphere twelve to sixteen persons were crowded together. To these and other sources of disease must be added that pigs were kept, nd other disgusting things of the most revolting kind were found. (Engels, 1844) Although the boom in housing created problems with the removal of human waste, however this had been a feature of urbanised areas for some time before the industrial revolution; as Samuel Pepys recorded in a diary entry for 20th October 1660, Going down to my cellar I put my feet into a great heap of turds, by which I find that Mr Turners house of office is full and comes into my cellar (Halliday, 2007) With the problem of waste disposal and over-crowding in squalid conditions came he inevitable increase in diseases. In one place we found a whole str eet following the course of a ditch, because in this way deeper cellars could be secured without the cost of digging, cellars not for storing wares or rubbish, but for dwellings for human beings. Not one house of this street escaped the cholera. (Engels, 1844) There had always been disease in the towns and cities, however, with the increased population it spread faster than at any other time, and there seemed no way to halt its progress. There were many diseases that flourished in these environments, ncluding Influenza, Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Typhus, and the most feared at the time, Cholera. Again, the repeated visitations of cholera, typhus, smallpox, and other epidemics have shown the British bourgeois the urgent necessity of sanitation in his towns and cities, if he wishes to save himself and family from falling victims to such diseases. (Engels, 1844) During this century, medical science advanced at hitherto unprecedented speed, and more people than at any other time entered t he medical profession, In the first half of the century the medical world was raising the xpectation that treatment of the body could become as exact a science as knowledge of the body. Throughout the land, much money and energy was being devoted to medical care and its study. Between 1801 and 1850 more university- educated men entered the profession in Great Britain (over eight thousand) than in all of previous history. (Haley 1978) However, there was still a lot to be learned about the nature of disease, and the causes of epidemics were poorly understood. The theory of miasma (the belief that disease was spread by smell and foul air) was still popular as an explanation of how diseases were spread. Cholera was greatly feared being a water-borne disease, attacked all, notably the middle classes with their better water supplies and struck fear into the hearts of the governors, local and national. The response to the outbreak of infectious disease varied from town to town, however police in Manchester responded to one outbreak of Cholera, by evacuating and disinfecting the area. The first court below Ducie Bridge, known as Allens Court, was in such a state at the time of the cholera that the sanitary police ordered it evacuated, swept, and disinfected with chloride of lime. (Engels, 1844) Towards the end of the century, Britain was involved in conflicts around the world in order to defend her empire from the emerging powerhouses of Japan and Germany who were keen to forge their own empires and trading routes. In 1899 conflict erupted between the British and the Boers, being the South African descendents of Dutch settlers. The Boer army turned out to be well prepared, well trained and provided with enough food and provisions to defend themselves for three years, whilst the British, having believed that the war would be quickly over, were nowhere near as well-prepared. The Boer war highlighted a serious problem for the forces, specifically that the recruits being called upon to defend the nation, being largely drawn from poverty-stricken areas where the conditions discussed above were rife, were often weak and of poor health. At that time, it became apparent that there were serious problems with public health in Britain: up to 40% of recruits in Britain were unfit for military service, suffering from medical problems such as rickets and other poverty-related illnesses. 80% of men presenting for service in the Boer War were found by the Army Medical Corps to be physically unfit to fght. wrww. forces- war-records. co. uk) The realisation that the population had become too weak to defend the nation, alongside the increasingly common outbreaks of disease arising from cramped, unsanitary living conditions of workers led to the Report of the Interdepartmental Committee into Physical Deterioration in 1904, which called for changes to be made to ensure the nations health did not deteriorate further than it already had. In the 1906 general election the Liberal Party gained power after an extensive period of Conservative government and immediately embarked on a series f Acts to improve the health of the nation. These included the provision of free school meals in 1906, health checks for school children in 1907, the Notification of Births Act in 1907 to allow midwives to ensure that newborn babies were being fed and cared for correctly and the Childrens Act of 1908, which was designed to keep orphans out of prisons and set up childrens homes for them. By focusing primarily on the health of children, they were working to improve the health of the next generation, thus ensuring a steady supply of fit and healthy individuals who could be called upon to defend the nation, if necessary. The Labour Exchange Act of 1909 and the National Insurance Act of 1911. were the first that the nation had seen that tried to tackle the problem of unemployment and ill health. The Labour Exchange Act sought to bring together those people who were looking for work with those who needed workers. The National Insurance Act was split into two stages, firstly giving people a right to medical treatment and sick pay in return for a payment each week out of their wages, and secondly giving people the right to unemployment pay for up worker before claiming it. There are differing theories about the effectiveness of hese reforms in improving the health of the population at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. What cannot be denied, however, is that the death rate fell in this period, from 22. 6 deaths per 1000 in England and Wales in 1860 to only 14. 4 per 1000 by 1905 (Gascoigne, S, 2012) Thomas McKeown, in his book the Modern Rise in Population (1976) looked at the detailed death records that were kept for Britain at the time of the reforms to assess their effect on the recorded deaths. He concluded, after extensive research, that the improvements to he nations health during the period 1850-1914 was as a result of a steady rise in living standards and the associated rise in average nutritional intake (McKeown, 1976) which was a secondary result of the reforms as people were able to support themselves whilst out of work and were able to move quickly from Job to Job, no longer subject to the fluctuations of business which may have previously led to a dependency on a poor law that could no longer support them. The dark shadow of the Malthusian philosophy has passed away, and no view of the ultimate scheme of things would now be accepted under which multitudes of men and women are oomed by inevitable law to struggle for existence so severe as necessarily to cripple or destroy the higher parts of their nature. (Dorling, D, 2002) McKeowns conclusions were questioned by Simon Szreter who wished to discover if the link between the death rate falling and the public health r eform was solely due to the better diet and living standards that were available, or it there was another cause. Szreter started out by analysing the relationship between diseases, with particular attention to the fact that once infected with a disease a person is more susceptible to catching other iseases. Szreter also suggests that it may be a case of the statistics being misreported that led to the reduction, as opposed to the medical and sociological advances that were occurring. In conclusion, there were many factors that that led to the development of public health reforms during the 19th Century; of these the most prominent were the rapid influx of people into the cities and towns leading to the rapid development of often unsuitable living arrangements, a polluted water supply, inadequate drainage and waste disposal; all of which contributed to the high levels f squalor experienced by those who lived there. This in turn led to outbreaks of diseases, which worried the government as diseases such as cholera seemed to infect regardless of class. The threat from disease combined with the lack of suitable soldiers to protect Britains empire from emerging states such as Germany spurred the Government into action and brought about the public health reforms in the 19th Century. The effectiveness of these reforms is still under debate, with academics trying to establish what was the primary reason for the death rate falling between 860 and 1905; the debate appears to be between those who believe it was the advances in medical knowledge of nutrition, cleanliness and the causes and treatment of disease and those who believe it was the public health reforms that were introduced because of the pressing need for intervention to prevent the poorest people becoming to enfeebled to work, thus becoming a load on the poor law. The reason that the health of the population increased into the early 20th Century seems to be a combination of public health reform and rapid increase in have a welfare state and NHS which are the em. y of the world.